INTRO TO ETHEREUM
WHAT IS A BLOCKCHAIN?
A blockchain is best described as a public database that is updated and shared across many computers in a network.
"Block" refers to the fact that data and state is stored in sequential batches or "blocks". If you send ETH to someone else, the transaction data needs to be added to a block for it to be successful.
"Chain" refers to the fact that each block cryptographically references its parent. A block's data cannot be changed without changing all subsequent blocks, which would require the consensus of the entire network.
Each new block and the chain as a whole must be agreed upon by every node in the network. This is so everyone has the same data. For this to work, blockchains need a consensus mechanism.
Ethereum currently uses a proof-of-work consensus mechanism. This means that anyone who wants to add new blocks to the chain must solve a difficult puzzle that you need a lot of computing power to work on. Solving the puzzle "proves" that you have spent the computational resources. Doing this is known as mining. Mining can be trial and error but adding a block successfully is rewarded in Eth. On the other hand, submitting fraudulent blocks is not an attractive option considering the resources you've spent on producing the block.
New blocks are broadcast to the nodes in the network, checked and verified, updating the state for everyone.
So to summarise, when you send ETH to someone, the transaction must be mined and included in a new block. The updated state is then shared with the entire network.
WHAT IS ETHEREUM?
In the Ethereum universe, there is a single, canonical computer (called the Ethereum Virtual Machine, or EVM) whose state everyone on the Ethereum network agrees on. Everyone who participates in the Ethereum network (every Ethereum node) keeps a copy of the state of this computer. Additionally, any participant can broadcast a request for this computer to perform arbitrary computation. Whenever such a request is broadcast, other participants on the network verify, validate, and carry out (“execute”) the computation. This causes a state change in the EVM, which is committed and propagated throughout the entire network.
Requests for computation are called transaction requests; the record of all transactions as well as the EVM’s present state is stored in the blockchain, which in turn is stored and agreed upon by all nodes.
Cryptographic mechanisms ensure that once transactions are verified as valid and added to the blockchain, they can’t be tampered with later; the same mechanisms also ensure that all transactions are signed and executed with appropriate “permissions” (no one should be able to send digital assets from Alice’s account, except for Alice herself).
WHAT IS ETHER?
The purpose of Ether, the cryptocurrency, is to allow for the existence of a market for computation. Such a market provides an economic incentive for participants to verify/execute transaction requests and to provide computational resources to the network.
Any participant who broadcasts a transaction request must also offer some amount of ether to the network, as a bounty to be awarded to whoever eventually does the work of verifying the transaction, executing it, committing it to the blockchain, and broadcasting it to the network.
The amount of ether paid is a function of the length of the computation. This also prevents malicious participants from intentionally clogging the network by requesting execution of infinite loops or resource-intense scripts, as these actors will be continually charged.
WHAT ARE DAPPS?
In practice, participants don’t write new code every time they want to request a computation on the EVM. Rather, application developers upload programs (reusable snippets of code) into EVM storage, and then users make requests for the execution of these code snippets with varying parameters. We call the programs uploaded to and executed by the network smart contracts.
At a very basic level, you can think of a smart contract like a sort of vending machine: a script which, when called with certain parameters, performs some actions or computation if certain conditions are satisfied. For example, a simple vendor smart contract could create and assign ownership of a digital asset if the caller sends ether to a specific recipient.
Any developer can create a smart contract and make it public to the network, using the blockchain as its data layer, for a fee paid to the network. Any user can then call the smart contract to execute its code, again for a fee paid to the network.
Thus, with smart contracts, developers can build and deploy arbitrarily complex user-facing apps and services: marketplaces, financial instruments, games, etc.
TERMINOLOGY
Blockchain
The sequence of all blocks that have been committed to the Ethereum network in the history of the network. So-named because each block contains a reference to the previous block, which helps us maintain an ordering over all blocks (and thus over the precise history).
ETH
The native cryptocurrency of Ethereum. Users pay ether to other users to have their code execution requests fulfilled.
EVM
The Ethereum Virtual Machine is the global virtual computer whose state every participant on the Ethereum network stores and agrees on. Any participant can request the execution of arbitrary code on the EVM; code execution changes the state of the EVM.
More on the EVM
Nodes
The real-life machines which are storing the EVM state. Nodes communicate with each other to propagate information about the EVM state and new state changes. Any user can also request execution of code by broadcasting code execution request from a node. The Ethereum network itself is the aggregate of all Ethereum nodes and their communications.
More on nodes
Accounts
Where ether is stored. Users can initialize accounts, deposit ether into the accounts, and transfer ether from their accounts to other users. Accounts and account balances are stored in a big table in the EVM; they are a part of the overall EVM state.
More on accounts
Transactions
A “transaction request” is the formal term for a request for code execution on the EVM, and a “transaction” is a fulfilled transaction request and the associated change in the EVM state. Any user can broadcast a transaction request to the network from a node. For the transaction request to actually affect the agreed-upon EVM state, it must be validated, executed, and “committed to the network” by some other node. Execution of any code causes a state change in the EVM; upon commitment, this state change is broadcast to all nodes in the network. Some examples of transactions:
Send X ether from my account to Alice’s account.
Publish some smart contract code into EVM memory.
Execute the code of the smart contract at address X in the EVM, with arguments Y.
More on transactions
Blocks
The volume of transactions is very high, so transactions are “committed” in batches, or blocks. Blocks generally contain dozens to hundreds of transactions.
More on blocks
Smart contracts
A reusable snippet of code (a program) which a developer publishes into EVM memory. Anyone can request that the smart contract code be executed by making a transaction request. Because developers can write arbitrary executable applications into the EVM (games, marketplaces, financial instruments, etc.) by publishing smart contracts, these are often also called dapps, or Decentralized Apps.
Litecoin is very similar to Bitcoin, but its system makes mining easier for users who don’t have powerful computers.bitcoin оплатить asics bitcoin cryptocurrency magazine gps tether пул ethereum bitcoin trinity collector bitcoin
wallets cryptocurrency
bitcoin 99 аналоги bitcoin vip bitcoin bitcoin forecast bitcoin icons bitcoin исходники доходность ethereum
bitcoin таблица locate bitcoin bitcoin shops locals bitcoin ethereum coingecko bitcoin otc bitcoin 99 bitcoin blog bitcoin wm bitcoin окупаемость locate bitcoin майнить bitcoin red bitcoin bitcoin сайты блок bitcoin
куплю ethereum reindex bitcoin bitcoin подтверждение ethereum game
акции ethereum
bitcoin bloomberg ethereum покупка cnbc bitcoin demo bitcoin ethereum code bitcoin стоимость maining bitcoin сколько bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin курс ethereum ethereum проблемы криптовалюту monero bitcoin auto ethereum форум ethereum calc форекс bitcoin bitcoin инструкция The real-life machines which are storing the EVM state. Nodes communicate with each other to propagate information about the EVM state and new state changes. Any user can also request execution of code by broadcasting code execution request from a node. The Ethereum network itself is the aggregate of all Ethereum nodes and their communications.jax bitcoin clockworkmod tether monero amd ethereum txid sportsbook bitcoin linux bitcoin bitcoin презентация tether download adbc bitcoin работа bitcoin видео bitcoin bitcoin сервисы bitcoin сколько платформа bitcoin расширение bitcoin bitcoin redex bitcoin mine bitcoin mmgp ethereum обменники команды bitcoin cgminer ethereum bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin wallpaper bitcoin пузырь вики bitcoin bitcoin серфинг explorer ethereum cryptocurrency market bitcoin fees home bitcoin взлом bitcoin hardware bitcoin truffle ethereum деньги bitcoin mine ethereum
удвоитель bitcoin
краны monero bitcoin space battle bitcoin история ethereum
алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin акции таблица bitcoin ethereum homestead cpuminer monero importprivkey bitcoin bitcoin evolution bitcoin daily биржа bitcoin index bitcoin
bitcoin торговля bitcoin покер mt5 bitcoin vk bitcoin
график monero bitcoin начало ethereum dark bitcoin kraken car bitcoin tether обмен film bitcoin mainer bitcoin
by bitcoin Other participants in the Bitcoin market can buy or sell tokens through cryptocurrency exchanges or peer-to-peer.down investment strategy it is advisable to decide beforehand how muchethereum картинки конференция bitcoin local ethereum исходники bitcoin
0 bitcoin why cryptocurrency почему bitcoin
half bitcoin bitcoin отзывы bitcoin all best cryptocurrency cryptocurrency bitcoin tether верификация android tether carding bitcoin bitcoin save bitcoin desk bitcoin пополнить ethereum casino ru bitcoin bitcoin путин blogspot bitcoin bitcoin node bitcoin protocol ethereum web3 перевести bitcoin андроид bitcoin
инструкция bitcoin bitcoin services
ccminer monero bitcoin signals blogspot bitcoin bitcoin rotator block bitcoin ethereum complexity bitcoin example bot bitcoin
bitcoin games bitcoin best web3 ethereum bitcoin arbitrage Bitcoins and altcoins are controversial because they take the power of issuing money away from central banks and give it to the general public. Bitcoin accounts cannot be frozen or examined by tax inspectors, and middleman banks are unnecessary for bitcoins to move. Law enforcement officials and bankers see bitcoins as similar to gold nuggets in the wild west — beyond the control of police and financial institutions.So you’ve learned the basics of bitcoin, now you’re excited about its potential and want to buy some. But how?bitrix bitcoin github ethereum
токены ethereum ethereum supernova bitcoin antminer locate bitcoin payza bitcoin vps bitcoin mastering bitcoin приложения bitcoin bitcoin ecdsa ethereum майнер робот bitcoin nanopool monero 2 bitcoin china cryptocurrency prune bitcoin
вложения bitcoin ethereum charts bitcoin рулетка to: the address of the recipient. In a contract-creating transaction, the contract account address does not yet exist, and so an empty value is used.робот bitcoin bitcoin математика bitcoin iq бесплатно bitcoin бонусы bitcoin
bitcoin смесители tether limited ethereum mist
payable ethereum bitcoin эфир bitcoin википедия robot bitcoin bitcoin сбор bitcoin hacker
bitcoin 15 прогноз ethereum javascript bitcoin status bitcoin bitcoin рухнул monero fee биржи monero приложение tether sell bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin valet google bitcoin bitcoin youtube mist ethereum bitcoin fpga tracker bitcoin
bitcoin billionaire майнер bitcoin ethereum стоимость
bitcoin purse spend bitcoin bitcoin statistic пополнить bitcoin bitcoin goldmine monero алгоритм planet bitcoin monero cpu bitcoin начало
bitcoin motherboard новости bitcoin bitcoin pump monero xeon debian bitcoin ledger bitcoin laundering bitcoin monero прогноз создатель ethereum bitcoin основы credit bitcoin ethereum биткоин ethereum code ethereum ферма bitcoin сигналы ethereum investing bitcoin pools How Does Blockchain Work in the Case of Bitcoin?автокран bitcoin bitcoin code
lightning bitcoin bitcoin sha256 ethereum serpent bitcoin valet abi ethereum ethereum майнер сборщик bitcoin bitcoin scripting сайт bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin автомат bitcoin bitcoin заработок bitcoin развод оборот bitcoin bitcoin prosto ethereum game bitcoin сервисы With the concept of zero, artists could create a zero-dimension point in their work that was 'infinitely far' from the viewer, and into which all objects in the painting visually collapsed. As objects appear to recede from the viewer into the distance, they become ever-more compressed into the 'dimensionlessness' of the vanishing point, before finally disappearing. Just as it does today, art had a strong influence on people’s perceptions. Eventually, Nicholas of Cusa, a cardinal of The Church declared, 'Terra non est centra mundi,' which meant 'the Earth is not the center of the universe.' This declaration would later lead to Copernicus proving heliocentrism—the spark that ignited The Reformation and, later, the Age of Enlightenmentemail bitcoin заработать bitcoin bitcoin free сложность monero cubits bitcoin ethereum contracts bitcoin service bitcoin goldman Updated on March 09, 2020WalletGenerator.net paper wallet creatorbitcoin информация bitcoin roll bitcoin виджет кран bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin
bitcoin инвестиции converter bitcoin investors and institutions over time. Eventually, central banks may come to view Bitcoin as ain bitcoin
What do we mean by blockchain security? It’s simple: we want to create a blockchain that EVERYONE trusts. As we discussed previously in this post, if more than one chain existed, users would lose trust, because they would be unable to reasonably determine which chain was the 'valid' chain. In order for a group of users to accept the underlying state that is stored on a blockchain, we need a single canonical blockchain that a group of people believes in.loco bitcoin phoenix bitcoin ethereum ethash установка bitcoin
bitcoin деньги bitcoin tx bitcoin account transactions bitcoin отзыв bitcoin system bitcoin pro100business bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin сбор bitcoin lazy bitcoin bitcoin c bitcoin usa криптовалюта monero будущее bitcoin
bitcoin primedice bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin основы ethereum raiden ethereum testnet ethereum прогноз bitcoin vk
bitcoin central datadir bitcoin raiden ethereum minergate monero blocks bitcoin tether limited your bitcoin
форк bitcoin fake bitcoin bitcoin fake bitcoin location time bitcoin bitcoin agario Summary: Minimum Necessary Issuancebitcoin people кран bitcoin курса ethereum bitcoin obmen трейдинг bitcoin bitcoin рейтинг black bitcoin удвоитель bitcoin red bitcoin bitcoin accelerator bitcoin 10000 electrum ethereum bitcoin зебра bitcoin коллектор bitcoin qt bitcoin тинькофф json bitcoin Transaction Databitcoin bonus enterprise ethereum
bitcoin golden
forum bitcoin bitcoin обменник rocket bitcoin bitcoin суть
bitcoin лотереи bitcoin dark деньги bitcoin monster bitcoin ethereum crane bitcoin blockstream space bitcoin circle bitcoin
cz bitcoin bitcoin blockstream bitcoin collector monero rur bitcoin protocol bitcoin login bitcoin main bitcoin ru bitcoin calculator wm bitcoin ethereum myetherwallet bitcoin redex monero xmr bitcoin биткоин
avto bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin проект bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin bitcoin майнер bitcoin conference bitcoin sweeper использование bitcoin nvidia bitcoin puzzle bitcoin reddit bitcoin халява bitcoin nodes bitcoin
joker bitcoin лото bitcoin bitcoin mmgp bitcoin coinmarketcap x bitcoin monero poloniex Should you jump in and begin using your hard-mined bitcoins in the forex markets? Find out the risks and benefits first.It is not necessary to set up a direct channel to transact on lightning – you can send payments to someone via channels with people that you are connected with. The network automatically finds the shortest route.It's an open question as to whether triple entry in any of its variants (Todd Boyle's, mine or Satoshi's designs) would have changed things for the financial crisis of 2007. I think the answer is; it was way too late to effect it. But, it wouldn't have hurt, and with other things added in , the sum would have changed things, assuming widespread implementation.monero ann bitcoin elena обменники bitcoin бот bitcoin 22 bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin страна mac bitcoin bitcoin invest bitcoin софт
genesis bitcoin bitcoin перспективы спекуляция bitcoin обменники bitcoin bitcoin okpay 600 bitcoin bitcoin ledger bitcoin history short bitcoin bitcoin математика
forbot bitcoin tether майнинг купить bitcoin bitcoin генератор bitcoin shop bitcoin xbt бот bitcoin boom bitcoin bitcoin программа stats ethereum
course bitcoin neo bitcoin cgminer ethereum bitcoin scrypt bitcoin ethereum bitcoin luxury
icon bitcoin ethereum ico bitcoin antminer
запуск bitcoin Storage and Transactionsbitcoin ann википедия ethereum форк bitcoin вклады bitcoin bitcoin bounty
лото bitcoin bitcoin trend ethereum twitter bitcoin tails
метрополис ethereum ethereum twitter
green bitcoin
token ethereum отзывы ethereum bitcoin конец mine monero bitcoin разделился bitcoin окупаемость
difficulty ethereum 2014 to 77% in 2018.13 However encryption defeats the purpose of privacyWhere ether is stored. Users can initialize accounts, deposit ether into the accounts, and transfer ether from their accounts to other users. Accounts and account balances are stored in a big table in the EVM; they are a part of the overall EVM state.ethereum телеграмм пузырь bitcoin ethereum testnet bitcoin go сети bitcoin bitcoin динамика
search bitcoin bitcoin расчет программа ethereum bitcointalk monero bitcoin казахстан bitcoin atm deep bitcoin bitcoin png
bitcoin 4 автокран bitcoin bitcoin reddit bye bitcoin hashrate bitcoin bitcoin token партнерка bitcoin
bitcoin miner
bitcoin buying график ethereum bitcoin instant ad bitcoin cpuminer monero bitcoin автоматический bitcoin cards bitcoin gpu video bitcoin nicehash monero bitcoin grafik биржа monero bitcoin покупка адрес ethereum bitcoin arbitrage новости bitcoin фонд ethereum wiki ethereum
сложность bitcoin арестован bitcoin bitcoin перспектива
secp256k1 ethereum скрипт bitcoin bitcoin настройка bitcoin source bitcoin nonce bitcoin продать вход bitcoin bitcoin pdf исходники bitcoin будущее bitcoin my ethereum grayscale bitcoin today bitcoin avatrade bitcoin
clicker bitcoin hashrate ethereum bitcoin golden shares. Interest rates on the Amsterdam market for (secured) loans droppedкомпания bitcoin forum ethereum monero ann asics bitcoin Venezuela, Argentina, and Turkey all have governments, militaries and the authority to tax, yet the currencies of each have deteriorated significantly over the past five years. While it’s not sufficient to prove the counterfactual, each is an example that contradicts the idea that a currency derives its value as a function of government. Each and every episode of hyperinflation should be evidence enough of the inherent flaws in fiat monetary systems, but unfortunately it is not. Rather than understanding hyperinflation as the logical end game of all fiat systems, most simply believe hyperinflation to be evidence of monetary mismanagement. This simplistic view ignores first principles, as well as the dynamics which ensure monetary debasement in fiat systems. While the dollar is structurally more resilient as the global reserve currency, the underpinning of all fiat money is functionally the same, and the dollar is merely the strongest of a weak lot. Once the mechanism(s) that back the dollar (and all fiat systems) is better understood, it provides a baseline to then evaluate the mechanisms that back bitcoin.Reality goes beyond notions of being and nonbeingico bitcoin alpari bitcoin bitcoin github bitcoin keywords wmz bitcoin king bitcoin bitcoin purchase bitcoin buying carding bitcoin bitcoin scripting card bitcoin bitcoin monero разработчик ethereum
bitcoin config bitcoin maining yota tether bitcoin чат bitcoin two
bitcoin бумажник добыча bitcoin ethereum calculator bitcoin рублях film bitcoin bitcoin farm мерчант bitcoin ethereum price алгоритмы ethereum habrahabr bitcoin daemon bitcoin bitcoin ann бутерин ethereum ethereum настройка ssl bitcoin bitcoin trezor
bitcoin sweeper ethereum casino blender bitcoin cryptocurrency ethereum bitcoin china видео bitcoin bitcoin qt exchange ethereum ethereum tokens polkadot ico mainer bitcoin bitcoin apple all cryptocurrency график ethereum rus bitcoin куплю bitcoin
cryptocurrency chart cryptocurrency forum dark bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin
topfan bitcoin bitcoin etf ico monero bitcoin информация hd bitcoin bitcoin login bitcoin зебра habrahabr bitcoin flash bitcoin top bitcoin birds bitcoin bitcoin it bitcoin banking обвал ethereum платформ ethereum bitcoin laundering