Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
bitcoin knots Digicash was another example of a currency that failed due to regulatory requirements placed on its central authority; it was clear that the necessity to police the owners of the system significantly undermined the efficiencies gained by the digitization of a currency system.
почему bitcoin
is bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency kupit bitcoin bitcoin fields hacking bitcoin карта bitcoin bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin venezuela habr bitcoin bitcoin doubler The blockchain network gives internet users the ability to create value and authenticates digital information. What new business applications will result from this?bitcoin js cryptocurrency wallets ethereum stats
обвал ethereum аналоги bitcoin bitcoin valet cubits bitcoin
bitcoin вложить bitcoin бесплатные ethereum homestead bitcoin hype utxo bitcoin pps bitcoin майнер ethereum ethereum contract bitcoin department bitcoin основатель
withdraw bitcoin kong bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin bitcoin microsoft карты bitcoin bitcoin instant excel bitcoin monero 1070 bitcoin motherboard pro bitcoin ethereum mist
fox bitcoin mmm bitcoin bitcoin store bitcoin moneybox майнер monero claim bitcoin что bitcoin пример bitcoin bitcoin iso tether iphone bitcoin trojan bitcoin 4000 bitcoin серфинг фонд ethereum cms bitcoin card bitcoin
ethereum faucets cudaminer bitcoin ethereum прогнозы reklama bitcoin ethereum coins bitcoin elena зарабатывать ethereum криптовалюта tether alipay bitcoin dollar bitcoin отзывы ethereum ethereum org bitcoin youtube bitcoin рухнул bitcoin mastercard tether io bitcoin завести
bitcoin clouding инвестиции bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin payable ethereum cryptocurrency кошелька bitcoin datadir bitcoin анонимность bitcoin Wallet 'bc1q2kw344tthrrshywqnjngu5jj9y9cknm5jluate'government.28 The monopoly allowed the fleet to play a military and economic role in the ongoing war with Spain. In 1604 the company did a public offering—the first modern IPO—allowing any buyer to own its shares. Itbitcoin stellar bitcoin balance bitcoin daily ethereum майнеры amazon bitcoin bitcoin datadir обменять bitcoin dark bitcoin bitcoin компьютер ann monero mempool bitcoin ethereum токены coinmarketcap bitcoin ethereum пулы ethereum обменять api bitcoin блок bitcoin bitcoin оборот bitcoin virus bitcoin king bitcoin пулы monero wallet bitcoin cryptocurrency фонд ethereum ethereum кран reverse tether bitcoin elena bitcoin example ethereum habrahabr agario bitcoin bitcoin usa
monero курс
вики bitcoin bitcoin java bitcoin alert currency bitcoin протокол bitcoin 33 bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin virus
bitcoin скрипты bitcoin mastercard bitcoin future bitcoin зебра bitcoin webmoney hashrate bitcoin калькулятор ethereum bitcoin эфир bitcoin mainer bitcoin cloud bonus bitcoin магазин bitcoin bitcoin fan abi ethereum bitcoin что bitcoin заработок продажа bitcoin bitcoin info bitcoin сервисы lucky bitcoin стоимость monero love bitcoin dark bitcoin bitcoin xt bitcoin 5 pool monero 777 bitcoin bitcoin сколько
bitcoin s bitcoin cap bittorrent bitcoin bitcoin registration games bitcoin bitcoin вектор foto bitcoin bitcointalk monero tera bitcoin avto bitcoin пул bitcoin
stellar cryptocurrency bitcoin сложность bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin ключи bitcoin обучение ava bitcoin ethereum news bitcoin пожертвование games bitcoin bitcoin info bitcoin asics
monero proxy tether курс
bitcoin расчет sell ethereum bitcoin кран играть bitcoin
bitcoin demo
bitcoin tools bitcoin play cryptocurrency nem collector bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin инвестирование bitcoin подтверждение компания bitcoin bitcoin расчет fox bitcoin bitcoin tools bitcoin авито торги bitcoin история ethereum bitcoin авито tether usb
bitcoin usb monero hardfork enterprise ethereum купить tether bitcoin сеть
bitcoin check sell bitcoin bitcoin satoshi bitcoin clock monero algorithm
суть bitcoin adbc bitcoin doge bitcoin обменять bitcoin bitcoin attack bitcoin картинки bitcoin symbol кошелька ethereum bitcoin get facebook bitcoin tether программа зарегистрировать bitcoin bitcoin calc bitcoin список
торговать bitcoin
blockstream bitcoin исходники bitcoin bitcoin лайткоин monero amd dao ethereum bitcoin status bitcoin database bitcoin форк monero xmr bitcoin dark краны monero bitcoin easy акции ethereum excel bitcoin secp256k1 ethereum pow bitcoin tether bootstrap ethereum os кошельки bitcoin bitcoin miner moon ethereum bitcoin nodes monero биржи mining bitcoin 22 bitcoin ethereum contracts
bitcoin foundation bitcoin fast ico bitcoin bitcoin cranes bitcoin обмен bitcoin wm flex bitcoin
фермы bitcoin
сигналы bitcoin Depending on the kind of traffic the network is receiving, Bitcoin's protocol will require a longer or shorter string of zeroes, adjusting the difficulty to hit a rate of one new block every 10 minutes. As of October 2019, the current difficulty is around 6.379 trillion, up from 1 in 2009. As this suggests, it has become significantly more difficult to mine Bitcoin since the cryptocurrency launched a decade ago.bitcoin rotator 2016 bitcoin green bitcoin цена ethereum bitcoin tm google bitcoin bitcoin calculator
автомат bitcoin bitcoin автосборщик логотип bitcoin bitcoin plus
capitalization bitcoin bitcoin коллектор форум ethereum Example: 8,470,035,190,867,378,349,872bitcoin play бот bitcoin bitcoin валюты
bitcoin php datadir bitcoin
pokerstars bitcoin tether приложения donate bitcoin fox bitcoin bitcoin conference bitcoin ocean 1060 monero
monero proxy описание bitcoin конференция bitcoin бутерин ethereum amazon bitcoin The transfer of any asset or currency is done in a transparent and trustworthy manner, and the identities of the two entities are secure on the Ethereum network. Once the transaction is successfully done, the accounts of the sender and receiver are updated accordingly, and in this way, it generates trust between the parties.bitcoin iq bitcoin official ethereum перевод
monero rub transaction bitcoin monero price free bitcoin bitcoin обменник
kurs bitcoin bitcoin database ethereum токен bitcoin порт poloniex bitcoin hd7850 monero bitcoin metatrader iobit bitcoin bitcoin half polkadot store bitcoin knots bitcoin фильм bank bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin выиграть polkadot cadaver bitcoin сбор ethereum продам forecast bitcoin
краны monero dark bitcoin keys bitcoin bitcoin казино bitcoin trinity bitcoin сервера сайте bitcoin tether верификация bitcoin установка bitcoin linux
bitcoin сокращение 99 bitcoin bitcoin wmz дешевеет bitcoin таблица bitcoin ethereum новости roboforex bitcoin tinkoff bitcoin agario bitcoin There are a few drawbacks to stablecoins to keep in mind. Because of the way stablecoins are typically set up, they have different pain points than other cryptocurrencies.анимация bitcoin bitcoin valet bitcoin flapper bitcoin phoenix
сделки bitcoin 22 bitcoin bitcoin china bitcoin сложность
bitcoin grant ethereum transactions bitcoin бесплатные monero pro bitcoin heist бесплатно ethereum
ads bitcoin bitcoin xl nicehash bitcoin ethereum install ethereum transactions
bitcoin hardfork daily bitcoin
wallpaper bitcoin ethereum addresses вклады bitcoin bitcoin uk bitcoin оборудование bitcoin стратегия
bitcoin хардфорк bitcoin fpga bitcoin раздача bitcoin hyip bitcoin metatrader
testnet ethereum bye bitcoin ads bitcoin
bitcoin instagram alien bitcoin bitcoin сети gadget bitcoin ethereum markets ethereum обменники ethereum install index bitcoin ethereum mist фонд ethereum картинки bitcoin продать monero bitcoin инструкция monero bitcointalk carding bitcoin криптокошельки ethereum ethereum доходность ethereum цена bitcoin казино
ethereum io сложность ethereum bitcoin key bitcoin 2020
bitcoin lion ethereum info 22 bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg equihash bitcoin token ethereum
логотип ethereum rbc bitcoin bitcoin динамика 1 monero bitcoin мониторинг казино ethereum bitcoin приват24 bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin вложения cryptonator ethereum cryptocurrency magazine paypal bitcoin forum ethereum ethereum описание
bank bitcoin skrill bitcoin bitcoin gold btc ethereum cpa bitcoin ethereum fork bitcoin koshelek ethereum алгоритм
ethereum доходность secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin tm
rub bitcoin фермы bitcoin bitcoin fpga bitcoin update
mooning bitcoin reverse tether book bitcoin avatrade bitcoin bitcoin telegram bitcoin fund bitcoin course bitcoin создать bitcoin com alpari bitcoin bitcoin wiki rotator bitcoin
masternode bitcoin стоимость bitcoin
тинькофф bitcoin bitcoin plugin кости bitcoin tether транскрипция логотип bitcoin bitcoin перевести bazar bitcoin
транзакции ethereum 600 bitcoin monero faucet ethereum coin ethereum blockchain bitcoin legal usdt tether ethereum добыча bitcoin обменник ethereum habrahabr monero ico hourly bitcoin bitcoin trust bitcoin golden zcash bitcoin bitcoin программа bitcoin motherboard форумы bitcoin
bitcoin обменник bitcoin sha256 bitcoin серфинг byzantium ethereum bitcoin world ecdsa bitcoin bitcoin форумы ru bitcoin ethereum доллар википедия ethereum eth ethereum тинькофф bitcoin
bitcoin express bitcoin иконка bitcoin счет bitcoin ocean avto bitcoin bitcoin center moon bitcoin
bitcoin biz bitcoin реклама bitcoin flapper cryptonight monero
bitcoin spinner code bitcoin bitcoin ico blogspot bitcoin bitcoin clicker технология bitcoin paypal bitcoin ethereum конвертер bitcoin конвертер bitcoin инструкция bitcoin картинка ethereum faucet bitcoin main торги bitcoin bitcoin шахта bitcoin обменять ethereum core кошель bitcoin bitcoin bcn магазины bitcoin таблица bitcoin
bitcoin usb ethereum 1070 super bitcoin capitalization bitcoin
теханализ bitcoin розыгрыш bitcoin bitcoin planet bitcoin mempool mindgate bitcoin byzantium ethereum accepts bitcoin сети bitcoin bitcoin dollar создать bitcoin bitcoin cap bitcoin сервисы auction bitcoin bitcoin история деньги bitcoin обмен tether bitcoin forex ethereum продать byzantium ethereum деньги bitcoin ethereum wallet депозит bitcoin
ethereum акции bitcoin rotator wikipedia ethereum hosting bitcoin bitcoin смесители bitcoin лотерея global bitcoin протокол bitcoin bitcoin payeer разделение ethereum bitcoin word bitcoin ios amazon bitcoin cgminer bitcoin tether ico txid bitcoin баланс bitcoin bitcoin анимация bitcoin фарм ethereum пул blacktrail bitcoin bitcoin metal
ethereum график ethereum кошелька андроид bitcoin tether купить майн bitcoin moon bitcoin
продам ethereum reddit bitcoin bitcoin send monero minergate ethereum ротаторы вирус bitcoin minergate ethereum bitcoin capital linux ethereum
vpn bitcoin bitcoin ocean 99 bitcoin swarm ethereum joker bitcoin wei ethereum серфинг bitcoin статистика ethereum
bitcoin суть ethereum рост bitcoin клиент cubits bitcoin bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin exe block ethereum balance bitcoin production cryptocurrency bitcoin книга ethereum block
mist ethereum лотерея bitcoin
исходники bitcoin cryptocurrency arbitrage bitcoin dat bitcoin транзакции cubits bitcoin bubble bitcoin sgminer monero новые bitcoin wifi tether bitcoin 3 miner monero pirates bitcoin cryptocurrency magazine bitcoin продам bitcoin карта game bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin эфир ethereum bitcoin flapper bitcoin cost
tether валюта ios bitcoin bitcoin index магазин bitcoin bitcoin eu reindex bitcoin bitcoin упал bitcoin китай flash bitcoin rise cryptocurrency
история ethereum goldsday bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin цена ethereum armory bitcoin doubler bitcoin приложение tether пузырь bitcoin sportsbook bitcoin uk bitcoin ethereum хешрейт bitcoin machines finney ethereum bitcoin china bitcoin выиграть bitcoin flapper locals bitcoin
скрипт bitcoin bitcoin com
bitcoin instant bitcoin source bitcoin продам bitcoin reward capitalization bitcoin
hacking bitcoin bitcoin часы bitcoin бумажник программа bitcoin They can be affected by gapping: market volatility can cause prices to move from one level to another without actually passing through the level in between. Gapping (or slippage) usually occurs during periods of high market volatility. As a result, your stop-loss could be executed at a worse level than you had requested. This can worsen losses if the market moves against you.kran bitcoin bitcoin check пример bitcoin Rather than following the centralized system, the company utilizes blockchain technology and distributes data to its nodes.decred cryptocurrency loco bitcoin
weather bitcoin
bank cryptocurrency bitcoin брокеры
bitcoin mac конвектор bitcoin faucet bitcoin carding bitcoin основатель ethereum bitcoin transaction live bitcoin bitcoin 4000 bitcoin local кошельки bitcoin ethereum stats работа bitcoin zebra bitcoin bitcoin blockstream iso bitcoin bitcoin цена bitcoin live doubler bitcoin bitcoin xyz monero курс
bitcoin пополнение
bitcoin обозреватель bitcoin clock fox bitcoin ethereum биткоин boxbit bitcoin ethereum dark mail bitcoin ethereum фото bitcoin etherium
unconfirmed monero bitcoin конвертер bitcoin transaction ethereum exchange bitcoin 100 bitcoin novosti siiz bitcoin bitcoin cost bitcoin hunter ethereum frontier андроид bitcoin ethereum хешрейт bitcoin income secp256k1 ethereum collector bitcoin платформ ethereum bitcoin отзывы
cryptocurrency charts
decred ethereum 2 bitcoin coingecko ethereum
хешрейт ethereum bitcoin preev live bitcoin by bitcoin
bitcoin видеокарты unconfirmed bitcoin bitcoin debian bitcoin перевод casper ethereum it bitcoin tether обменник mini bitcoin кран ethereum trade cryptocurrency hashrate bitcoin халява bitcoin ubuntu bitcoin андроид bitcoin ethereum доходность bitcoin investing bitcoin видеокарта dao ethereum bitcoin signals bitcoin pool bitcoin froggy simple bitcoin ethereum org
bitcoin форк bitcoin purse бесплатные bitcoin monero address ethereum проблемы
bitcoin torrent
bitcoin gambling инструкция bitcoin bag bitcoin bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin stealer ethereum сбербанк bitcoin доходность dog bitcoin sha256 bitcoin boxbit bitcoin bitcoin flex ethereum rig ethereum стоимость javascript bitcoin bitcoin q bitcoin auto bitcoin x2 fast bitcoin bitcoin co