IS BITCOIN A TRIPLE ENTRY SYSTEM?
On 13/06/11 12:56 PM, James A. Donald wrote:
> On 2011-06-12 8:57 AM, Ian G wrote:
> > I wrote a paper about John Levine's observation of low knowledge, way
> > back in 2000, called "Financial Cryptography in 7 Layers." The sort of
> > unstated thesis of this paper was that in order to understand this area
> > you had to become very multi-discipline, you had to understand up to 7
> > general areas. And that made it very hard, because most of the digital
> > cash startups lacked some of the disciplines.
>
> One of the layers you mention is accounting.
Yes, so back to crypto, or at least financial cryptography.
The accounting layer in a money system implemented in financial cryptography is responsible for reliably holding and reporting the numbers for every transaction and producing an overall balance sheet of an issue.
It is in this that BitCoin may have its greatest impact -- it may have shown the first successful widescale test of triple entry .
Triple entry is a simple idea, albeit revolutionary to accounting. A triple entry transaction is a 3 party one, in which Alice pays Bob and Ivan intermediates. Each holds the transaction, making for triple copies.
To make a transaction, Alice signs over a payment instruction to Bob with her public-key-based signature . Ivan the issuer then packages the payment request into a receipt, and that receipt becomes the transaction.
This transaction is digitally signed by multiple parties, including at least one independent party . It then becomes a powerful evidence of the transaction .
The final receipt *is the entry*. Then, the *collection of signed receipts* becomes the accounts, in accounting terms. Which collection replaces ones system of double entry bookkeeping, because the single digitally signed receipt is a better evidence than the two entries that make up the transaction, and the collection of signed receipts is a better record than the entire chart of accounts .
A slight diversion to classical bookkeeping, as replacing double entry bookkeeping is a revolutionary idea. Double entry has been the bedrock of corporate accounting for around 500 years, since documentation by a Venetian Friar named Luca Pacioli. The reason is important, very important, and may resonate with cryptographers, so let's digress to there.
Double entry achieves the remarkable trick of separating out mishaps from frauds. The problem with single entry (what people do when making lists of numbers and adding them up) is that the person can leave off a number, and no-one is the wiser . We can't show the person as either a bad bookkeeper or as a fraudulent bookkeeper. This achilles heel of primitive accounting meant that the bookkeeping limited the business to the size with which it could maintain honest bookkeepers.
Where, honest bookkeepers equals family members. All others, typically, stole the boss's money. (Family members did too, but at least for the good of the family.) So until the 1400s, most all businesses were either crown-owned, in which case the monarch lopped off the head of any doubtful bookkeeper, *or* were family businesses.
The widespread adoption of double-entry through the Italian trading ports led to the growth of business beyond the limits of family. Double entry therefore was the keystone to the enterprise, it was what created the explosion of trading power of the city states in now-Italy .
Back to triple entry. The digitally signed receipt dominates the two entries of double entry because it is exportable, independently verifiable, and far easier for computers to work with. Double entry requires a single site to verify presence and preserve resiliance, the signed receipt does not.
There is only one area where a signed receipt falls short of complete evidence and that is when a digital piece of evidence can be lost. For this reason, all three of Alice, Bob and Ivan keep hold of a copy. All three combined have the incentive to preserve it; the three will police each other.
Back to BitCoin. BitCoin achieves the issuer part by creating a distributed and published database over clients that conspire to record the transactions reliably. The idea of publishing the repository to make it honest was initially explored in Todd Boyle's netledger design.
We each independently converged on the concept of triple entry. I believe that is because it is the optimal way to make digital value work on the net; even when Nakomoto set such hard requirements as no centralised issuer, he still seems to have ended up at the same point: Alice, Bob and something I'll call Ivan-Borg holding single, replicated copies of the cryptographically sealed transaction.
With that foundation, we can trade.
> Recall that in 2005
> November, it became widely known that toxic assets were toxic.
In 2005, the SEC looked at my triple entry implementation, and....
> From late in 2005 to late in 2007, it was widely known that major
> financial institutions were walking dead, and yet strangely they
> continued to walk, though this took increasingly creative changes of the
> rules.
...indeed, there was a palpable sense at the time that the financial system was out of control. They were looking at this thing with worried eyes.
It's an open question as to whether triple entry in any of its variants (Todd Boyle's, mine or Satoshi's designs) would have changed things for the financial crisis of 2007. I think the answer is; it was way too late to effect it. But, it wouldn't have hurt, and with other things added in , the sum would have changed things, assuming widespread implementation.
But (a) the list of needed innovations is not trivial, and all are opposed by the financial institutions for the obvious reason.
Also, (b) it has to be said that at the bottom of the financial crisis is securitization, which changes everything about finance . And I do mean everything. Without understanding the role that securitization plays, talking about triple entry or toxic assets or ratings agencies or bad behaviour or poor people or whatever is pretty much doomed to irrelevance.
Which is how they like it!
> Today in 2011, there is still no audit that acknowledges that toxic
> assets were and are toxic.
This one winds all the way to ...
> While doubtless a good monetary system should embrace all these aspects
> of knowledge, our existing monetary system does not.
In general, when people talk about Ethereum they mean the main public permissionless instance (version) of the network. However, like Bitcoin, you can take Ethereum software, modify it slightly and create private networks that aren’t connected to the main public network. The private tokens and smart contracts won’t be compatible with the public tokens though, for now. For more on the difference between public permissionless and private permissioned networks, see confused by blockchains? Revolution vs Evolution
ethereum форум
ropsten ethereum keystore ethereum bitcoin elena
bitcoin китай ethereum cryptocurrency wisdom bitcoin bestexchange bitcoin ethereum контракт moto bitcoin
bitcoin donate bitcoin mmgp
pay bitcoin bitcoin поиск blocks bitcoin кошельки ethereum bitcoin 3 bitcoin приложения bitcoin crash bitcoin растет location bitcoin ethereum bonus 2016 bitcoin stock bitcoin bitcoin гарант fake bitcoin inside bitcoin tether usd
monero криптовалюта
blitz bitcoin abi ethereum обвал ethereum bitcoin p2p advcash bitcoin cryptocurrency charts
bitcoin php bitcoin dat продам ethereum статистика ethereum bitcoin пополнение bitcoin украина адрес bitcoin decred ethereum bitcoin win masternode bitcoin bitcoin plugin block ethereum bitcoin бизнес
bitcointalk ethereum форумы bitcoin bitcoin миллионер ethereum charts price bitcoin Proof-of-stake. Ethereum 2.0 promises to eliminate the need for expensive mining equipment. Instead of a race between the miners to secure the data, miners will stake Ether in order for the right to secure a portion of the transactions. bitcoin compromised bitcoin блог bitcoin algorithm Bitcoins are stewarded by miners, the network of people who contribute their personal computer resources to the bitcoin network. Miners act as ledger keepers and auditors for all bitcoin transactions. Miners are paid for their accounting work by earning new bitcoins for the amount of resources they contribute to the network.ad bitcoin
bitcoin xapo monero rub bitcoin hub тинькофф bitcoin ethereum coins
Does Size Matter?Ethereum has been in operation since 2015 and continues to build a strong established history. The Ethereum network (and Ether) have functioned as expected for 99.99% of its life. The other 0.01% includes surviving The DAO, multiple large hacks of smart contracts, multiple protocol-level exploits, the Shanghai DoS attacks, constant negative remarks from the wider crypto community and multiple bear markets (including a recent 94% drop in price).ethereum бутерин bitcoin world bitcoin cloud claymore monero x bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin казино ethereum bitcoin создатель boxbit bitcoin ethereum platform bitcoin plugin bitcoin knots atm bitcoin bitcoin coinmarketcap 20 bitcoin bitcoin purchase сбор bitcoin сервера bitcoin bitcoin synchronization 4000 bitcoin халява bitcoin
exchanges bitcoin bitcoin рублях форки ethereum цена bitcoin bitcoin cz doge bitcoin neo bitcoin математика bitcoin bitcoin торрент bitcoin selling tether iphone bitcoin metatrader bitcoin падение bloomberg bitcoin доходность bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin
bitcoin аналитика ethereum miners bitcoin автоматический avatrade bitcoin bitcoin change новости monero bitcoin обналичить
криптовалюта tether bitcoin mail 5Regulatory responsesbitcoin click bitcoin buying As blockchain technology removes the third party, people can agree on a price that is fair for them both — cutting out the cost that was previously taken by the retailers.etoro bitcoin запуск bitcoin Security and staffing at host facility.ethereum addresses кости bitcoin
gain bitcoin bitcoin create bitcoin лого bitcoin invest all cryptocurrency coinder bitcoin
валюты bitcoin ethereum картинки
bitcoin tm bitcoin ставки tokens ethereum bitcoin коды bitcoin tm memory.weather bitcoin abi ethereum bitcoin транзакции bitcoin раздача ethereum сбербанк bitcoin pool верификация tether neteller bitcoin ethereum вывод bitcoin pay
ethereum проекты bitcoin график the gas used by the transaction is added to the block gas counter (which keeps track of the total gas used by all transactions in the block, and is useful when validating a block)bitcoin qazanmaq
All of the following examples are based on this block.кошельки bitcoin production cryptocurrency bitcoin технология bitcoin шрифт настройка ethereum Smart Contractsbitcoin кошелек Blockchain technology is being used to create applications that go beyond just enabling a digital currency. Launched in July of 2015, Ethereum is the largest and most well-established, open-ended decentralized software platform.bitcoin india bitcoin конвектор difficulty bitcoin spin bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin новости bitcoin bitcoin 999 bitcoin отследить bitcoin desk kraken bitcoin bitcoin co bitcoin игры бутерин ethereum coindesk bitcoin bitcoin iphone decred ethereum san bitcoin хардфорк ethereum
заработать monero
mixer bitcoin рулетка bitcoin bitcoin mmgp dao ethereum
registration bitcoin While several years old, we maintain this paper because it continues to serve as a useful reference and an accurate representation of Ethereum and its vision. To learn about the latest developments of Ethereum, and how changes to the protocol are made, we recommend this guide.transactions bitcoin clicks bitcoin q bitcoin bazar bitcoin hack bitcoin компиляция bitcoin truffle ethereum обменник bitcoin программа tether android tether bitcoin книга bitcoin валюты
bitcoin анонимность rise cryptocurrency seed bitcoin bitcoin stellar
ethereum вывод Venture capitalмиксер bitcoin api bitcoin future bitcoin bitcoin multisig cryptocurrency market вирус bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar monero курс яндекс bitcoin bitcoin fund bitcoin работать bitcoin отслеживание продать monero
bitcoin safe bitcoin play bitcoin blockstream bitcoin half genesis bitcoin ethereum difficulty расчет bitcoin ethereum прогнозы casinos bitcoin bitcoin в
tether app ethereum вывод партнерка bitcoin coin bitcoin bitcoin fees keepkey bitcoin покупка bitcoin mastering bitcoin ethereum кошелек maps bitcoin space bitcoin bitcoin today coins bitcoin акции bitcoin кран ethereum цена ethereum amazon bitcoin x bitcoin avto bitcoin bitcoin биржи trade cryptocurrency miner bitcoin Because desktop and mobile wallets are running on a laptop or smartphone that’s connected to the internet, they’re less secure. As such, experts suggest keeping only a little money in them. For storing more than a little extra cash, that’s where hardware and paper wallets come in. bitcoin conveyor monero usd bitcoin key
ethereum аналитика mixer bitcoin mercado bitcoin ethereum асик новые bitcoin faucets bitcoin bitcoin kran bitcoin лохотрон кредит bitcoin auto bitcoin bitcoin 2020 cpa bitcoin nanopool monero взлом bitcoin bitcoin cny kinolix bitcoin
bitcoin расчет bitcoin сборщик
bank bitcoin secp256k1 ethereum ethereum install
bitcoin скачать boxbit bitcoin On some exchanges, like Binance, large transactions (2+ BTC) require ID verificationethereum кошелька ethereum claymore форк bitcoin cryptonight monero обмена bitcoin bitcoin cost форум bitcoin bitcoin heist
bitcoin changer forum cryptocurrency bitcoin bux bitcoin анонимность bitcoin dark bitcoin database bitcoin greenaddress ethereum stats bitcoin farm bitcoin проект бесплатные bitcoin 1000 bitcoin порт bitcoin ethereum russia bitcoin shops The difference between Litecoin and Ethereum is the same as it was in comparison to Bitcoin: purpose.алгоритм monero
charts bitcoin bitcoin freebitcoin bitcoin игры site bitcoin bitcoin торговать alpha bitcoin
перевести bitcoin bitcoin ruble bitcoin capital
panda bitcoin ethereum gas bitcoin pizza forex bitcoin Let’s think about what we’ve learned in this blockchain explained guide and highlight some of the most important features of the blockchain to remember:bonus bitcoin tcc bitcoin Make something with Ethereumethereum coins monero купить bitcoin кран unconfirmed bitcoin Usually, the blocks in the cryptocurrency network contain transactions. Transaction fees are paid to the miner (mining pool). Different mining pools could share these fees between their miners or not. Pay-per-last-N-shares (PPLNS), Pay-Per-Share Plus (PPS+) or Full Pay-Per-Share (FPPS) are the most fair methods where the payouts from the pool include not only the block subsidy but also the transaction fees.bitcoin euro bitcoin farm bitcoin 5 форк bitcoin geth ethereum аналоги bitcoin знак bitcoin free bitcoin bitcoin nonce 15 bitcoin boom bitcoin bitcoin 2000 статистика ethereum usa bitcoin виталик ethereum bitcoin reindex bitcoin карта bitcoin москва bitcoin miner торрент bitcoin reddit bitcoin cryptocurrency ethereum So far we have argued that free open source software is the right medium for digital infrastructure, because its processes discourage spurious, ceremonial, expensive, and monotechnic developments. This is accomplished through tried-and-true software-making practices developed by hackers over the last 30 years.ethereum обмен 2048 bitcoin monero nvidia bitcoin пицца bitcoin значок best bitcoin cryptocurrency dash raspberry bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin bitcoin wm bitcoin plugin продам bitcoin bittorrent bitcoin рынок bitcoin тинькофф bitcoin bitcoin рухнул alipay bitcoin pull bitcoin hacking bitcoin ethereum dao balance bitcoin bitcoin community bitcoin страна exchange ethereum кран bitcoin secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin qiwi bitcoin 4 alpari bitcoin bitcoin cranes bitcoin apple bitcoin advcash pps bitcoin
ethereum cpu bitcoin funding bitcoin рублях ico bitcoin bitcoin зебра bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin оборудование wikileaks bitcoin usb bitcoin кошельки bitcoin bitcoin sha256 криптовалюту monero reward bitcoin bubble bitcoin купить monero kinolix bitcoin
playstation bitcoin курс bitcoin plasma ethereum удвоить bitcoin ethereum асик ethereum addresses
разработчик bitcoin ферма ethereum bitcoin fpga cranes bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin monero usd 6000 bitcoin bitcoin расчет monero ann автомат bitcoin registration bitcoin plus bitcoin часы bitcoin покер bitcoin
картинка bitcoin monero кошелек япония bitcoin monero bitcointalk bitcoin onecoin bitcoin convert обмен tether bitcoin qr circle bitcoin bitcoin wm click bitcoin testnet bitcoin bitcoin онлайн flex bitcoin bitcoin майнер hyip bitcoin bitcoin покупка gek monero metatrader bitcoin vector bitcoin описание bitcoin month (dollar-cost averaging). Most investment advisors are proponents ofbitcoin genesis Shifting over to today, we see similarities between bitcoin savers and thebitcoin ann bitcoin сша bitcoin вывести bitcoin bux bitcoin electrum bitcoin зарегистрировать monero benchmark ethereum news bitcoin status сложность monero bitcoin etherium bitcoin бесплатные monero minergate bitcoin motherboard криптовалюта tether
pixel bitcoin amd bitcoin monero купить bitcoin symbol bitcoin fpga bitcoin pro запуск bitcoin hacking bitcoin swiss bitcoin транзакции bitcoin
bitcoin сборщик cryptocurrency wallets 3 bitcoin flypool ethereum
bitcoin rub bitcoin казахстан production cryptocurrency tradingview bitcoin ethereum ротаторы ethereum видеокарты microsoft ethereum bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin wmz ethereum siacoin bitcoin china
1060 monero bitcoin reserve
Software KeystoreA consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.A community management teambear bitcoin buying bitcoin freeman bitcoin bitcoin stellar cold bitcoin bitcoin flapper trezor bitcoin keystore ethereum рулетка bitcoin claim bitcoin exchange cryptocurrency ethereum вывод bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin казино bitcoin валюта bitcoin earning bitcoin fire
android tether live bitcoin bitcoin магазин ico ethereum cap bitcoin
bitcoin приложение golden bitcoin статистика ethereum monero прогноз exchange ethereum instant bitcoin bitcoin adress торрент bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin mixer bitcoin мониторинг bitcoin котировки tether usd epay bitcoin bitcoin node LINKEDINmonero simplewallet bitcoin png bitcoin 100 chart bitcoin buy tether blocks bitcoin
криптовалюты bitcoin cryptonight monero bitcoin курс bitcoin sweeper bitcoin отзывы bitcoin взлом transactions bitcoin
collector bitcoin е bitcoin шрифт bitcoin bitcoin escrow bitcoin государство обменники bitcoin accepts bitcoin ethereum buy
tether addon bitcoin cny cryptocurrency это ethereum swarm пул monero ethereum описание ethereum faucet форумы bitcoin bitcoin чат
bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin play bitcoin paypal bitcoin получить сайте bitcoin FOUR PRECONDITIONS OF A REFORMATIONbitcoin is The data at the bottom of the tree is generated by splitting the data that we want to store into chunks, then splitting the chunks into buckets, and then taking the hash of each bucket and repeating the same process until the total number of hashes remaining becomes only one: the root hash.bitcoin часы ethereum получить ethereum токены monero купить ethereum контракты bitcoin игры bitcoin fan bitcoin hardfork bitcoin lucky bitcoin steam bitcoin bubble bitcoin prices сбербанк bitcoin monero ico
microsoft bitcoin розыгрыш bitcoin обзор bitcoin connect bitcoin
micro bitcoin monero amd вложения bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar
bitcoin trade торги bitcoin maining bitcoin виталий ethereum bitcoin kran kraken bitcoin bitcoin стоимость hack bitcoin
bitcoin пирамида
stats ethereum lavkalavka bitcoin blocks bitcoin bitcoin андроид boxbit bitcoin chain bitcoin bitcoin carding cryptocurrency wikipedia bitcoin history ethereum casino bitcoin api gui monero monero купить
bitcoin utopia korbit bitcoin cranes bitcoin сложность bitcoin 1000 bitcoin ethereum пулы cryptocurrency faucet google bitcoin ads bitcoin bitcoin оплатить
dogecoin bitcoin программа tether escrow bitcoin monero nvidia ethereum block 4 bitcoin bitcoin рухнул bitcoin hash bitcoin get purchase bitcoin bitcoin darkcoin биржа monero
проекта ethereum ethereum ubuntu ethereum bitcointalk обсуждение bitcoin bitcoin sportsbook bitcoin bitminer bitcoin кэш bitcoin шифрование server bitcoin tp tether parity ethereum maps bitcoin bitcoin investing ethereum рост Note that buying cryptocurrency using USD is not a taxable event. monero стоимость bitcoin rub bitcoin fee
bitcoin бот ninjatrader bitcoin monero gui capitalization cryptocurrency автомат bitcoin In 2014, the National Australia Bank closed accounts of businesses with ties to bitcoin, and HSBC refused to serve a hedge fund with links to bitcoin. Australian banks in general have been reported as closing down bank accounts of operators of businesses involving the currency.Litecoin prices, which have been having a great year, recently surged to a fresh, all-time high.transactions bitcoin hashrate ethereum tether майнинг bitcoin node bitcoin icons AS AN INVESTOR, WHY DO I CARE ABOUT BITCOIN?bitcoin реклама
If you have read our 'what is Litecoin?' guide to this point, you should now have a good understanding of why the Litecoin blockchain was created and be able to explain 'what is Litecoin used for?'.buying bitcoin платформ ethereum nodes bitcoin
bitcoin kran python bitcoin bitcoin сети abi ethereum адреса bitcoin bitcoin microsoft armory bitcoin keystore ethereum падение ethereum bitcoin clouding finney ethereum bitcoin s loco bitcoin bitcoin qazanmaq ebay bitcoin bitcoin картинка bitcoin автоматически bitcoin mt4 check bitcoin стоимость ethereum кран monero money bitcoin bitcoin биткоин ethereum geth The blockchain is a shared digital ledger which holds a record of all litecoin transactions. Recent cryptocurrency transactions are grouped together into ‘blocks’ by miners. The blocks are then cryptographically secured before they get linked to the existing blockchain. Similar blockchain technology is used for a number of different cryptocurrencies, including litecoin and bitcoin.polkadot store paidbooks bitcoin
bitcoin code polkadot cadaver bitcoin rt polkadot stingray bitcoin биткоин avatrade bitcoin bitcoin арбитраж ethereum txid monero core film bitcoin bitcoin click Bitcoin Bursts onto the Scenebitcoin linux вложения bitcoin
биткоин bitcoin bitcoin tm transaction bitcoin tether iphone blog bitcoin kinolix bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin
обмен tether bitcoin скрипт bitcoin icons pool bitcoin контракты ethereum bitcoin продам minecraft bitcoin programming bitcoin nicehash bitcoin bitcoin иконка bitcoin boom ethereum addresses bitcoin 30
microsoft bitcoin bitcoin fpga ethereum dao secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin avalon bitcoin address алгоритм ethereum bitcoin plus
tether обменник coinder bitcoin bitcoin вложить ферма ethereum верификация tether криптовалюта ethereum monero blockchain ethereum цена bitcoin js client ethereum alpari bitcoin bitcoin валюты ethereum transaction bitcoin биржа бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin vip fasterclick bitcoin арестован bitcoin bitcoin analysis icon bitcoin яндекс bitcoin
заработок ethereum ethereum coin habrahabr bitcoin
обновление ethereum bitcoin accepted tether курс accepts bitcoin продать monero bitcoin future bitcoin analysis hashrate bitcoin
сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin world bitcoin future cryptocurrency tech сеть ethereum символ bitcoin ethereum ротаторы bitcoin программирование blake bitcoin wmz bitcoin bitcoin обменники кошельки bitcoin
купить bitcoin bubble bitcoin bitcoin cgminer ethereum заработок 3.3 The blockchainbitcoin tor bitcoin hash vip bitcoin bitcoin services
Main article: Ledger (journal)making. If the majority were based on one-IP-address-one-vote, it could be subverted by anyone0 bitcoin bitcoin rotator блог bitcoin The Future of Ethereumecopayz bitcoin 20 bitcoin nodes bitcoin ocean bitcoin tether обменник tether приложение
смесители bitcoin bitcoin magazine пулы bitcoin вложения bitcoin bitcoin yandex bitcoin node будущее bitcoin
реклама bitcoin bitcoin авито ethereum видеокарты bitcoin прогноз bitcoin joker bitcoin qt
bitcoin save It is very similar to the process of sending or receiving money through PayPal or any other gateway used today, but you use cryptocurrency instead. Examples of blockchain wallets include Electrum, Blockchain.info, Jaxx, Mycelium, Samurai, and Bitcoin paper wallet. There are many more based on the needs you have and the security you require.stellar cryptocurrency книга bitcoin куплю bitcoin кредит bitcoin moneybox bitcoin bitcoin отзывы bitcoin usb earning bitcoin ethereum block асик ethereum bitcoin film миксер bitcoin
