Bit gold
A long time ago I hit upon the idea of bit gold. The problem, in a nutshell, is that our money currently depends on trust in a third party for its value. As many inflationary and hyperinflationary episodes during the 20th century demonstrated, this is not an ideal state of affairs. Similarly, private bank note issue, while it had various advantages as well as disadvantages, similarly depended on a trusted third party.
Precious metals and collectibles have an unforgeable scarcity due to the costliness of their creation. This once provided money the value of which was largely independent of any trusted third party. Precious metals have problems, however. It's too costly to assay metals repeatedly for common transactions. Thus a trusted third party (usually associated with a tax collector who accepted the coins as payment) was invoked to stamp a standard amount of the metal into a coin. Transporting large values of metal can be a rather insecure affair, as the British found when transporting gold across a U-boat infested Atlantic to Canada during World War I to support their gold standard. What's worse, you can't pay online with metal.
Thus, it would be very nice if there were a protocol whereby unforgeably costly bits could be created online with minimal dependence on trusted third parties, and then securely stored, transferred, and assayed with similar minimal trust. Bit gold.
My proposal for bit gold is based on computing a string of bits from a string of challenge bits, using functions called variously "client puzzle function," "proof of work function," or "secure benchmark function.". The resulting string of bits is the proof of work. Where a one-way function is prohibitively difficult to compute backwards, a secure benchmark function ideally comes with a specific cost, measured in compute cycles, to compute backwards.
Here are the main steps of the bit gold system that I envision:
(1) A public string of bits, the "challenge string," is created (see step 5).
(2) Alice on her computer generates the proof of work string from the challenge bits using a benchmark function.
(3) The proof of work is securely timestamped. This should work in a distributed fashion, with several different timestamp services so that no particular timestamp service need be substantially relied on.
(4) Alice adds the challenge string and the timestamped proof of work string to a distributed property title registryfor bit gold. Here, too, no single server is substantially relied on to properly operate the registry.
(5) The last-created string of bit gold provides the challenge bits for the next-created string.
(6) To verify that Alice is the owner of a particular string of bit gold, Bob checks the unforgeable chain of title in the bit gold title registry.
(7) To assay the value of a string of bit gold, Bob checks and verifies the challenge bits, the proof of work string, and the timestamp.
Note that Alice's control over her bit gold does not depend on her sole possession of the bits, but rather on her lead position in the unforgeable chain of title (chain of digital signatures) in the title registry.
All of this can be automated by software. The main limits to the security of the scheme are how well trust can be distributed in steps (3) and (4), and the problem of machine architecture which will be discussed below.
Hal Finney has implemented a variant of bit gold called RPOW (Reusable Proofs of Work). This relies on publishing the computer code for the "mint," which runs on a remote tamper-evident computer. The purchaser of of bit gold can then use remote attestation, which Finney calls the transparent server technique, to verify that a particular number of cycles were actually performed.
The main problem with all these schemes is that proof of work schemes depend on computer architecture, not just an abstract mathematics based on an abstract "compute cycle." (I wrote about this obscurely several years ago.) Thus, it might be possible to be a very low cost producer (by several orders of magnitude) and swamp the market with bit gold. However, since bit gold is timestamped, the time created as well as the mathematical difficulty of the work can be automatically proven. From this, it can usually be inferred what the cost of producing during that time period was.
Unlike fungible atoms of gold, but as with collector's items, a large supply during a given time period will drive down the value of those particular items. In this respect "bit gold" acts more like collector's items than like gold. However, the match between this ex post market and the auction determining the initial value might create a very substantial profit for the "bit gold miner" who invents and deploys an optimized computer architecture.
Thus, bit gold will not be fungible based on a simple function of, for example, the length of the string. Instead, to create fungible units dealers will have to combine different-valued pieces of bit gold into larger units of approximately equal value. This is analogous to what many commodity dealers do today to make commodity markets possible. Trust is still distributed because the estimated values of such bundles can be independently verified by many other parties in a largely or entirely automated fashion.
In summary, all money mankind has ever used has been insecure in one way or another. This insecurity has been manifested in a wide variety of ways, from counterfeiting to theft, but the most pernicious of which has probably been inflation. Bit gold may provide us with a money of unprecedented security from these dangers. The potential for initially hidden supply gluts due to hidden innovations in machine architecture is a potential flaw in bit gold, or at least an imperfection which the initial auctions and ex post exchanges of bit gold will have to address.
calculator cryptocurrency bitcoin solo trade cryptocurrency coins bitcoin poloniex monero secp256k1 bitcoin аналоги bitcoin monero ico bitcoin msigna steam bitcoin bitcoin робот часы bitcoin bitcoin data bitcoin trojan книга bitcoin bitcoin кредиты автомат bitcoin bitcoin video bitcoin аккаунт
bitcoin film
difficulty monero bitcoin генераторы bitcoin analytics
boxbit bitcoin usb bitcoin bitcoin spinner hd7850 monero
qtminer ethereum верификация tether bitcoin продажа tether приложение 15 bitcoin bitcoin блоки bitcoin биржи bitcoin создать
bitcoin расчет billionaire bitcoin dat bitcoin ico monero bitcoin список prune bitcoin auction bitcoin cryptocurrency dash bitcoin electrum bitcoin anonymous bitcoin tools bitcoin formula bitcoin форки цена ethereum bitcoin софт asrock bitcoin goldsday bitcoin client ethereum monero miner bitcoin heist fast bitcoin bitcoin транзакция bitcoin metal fast bitcoin форк bitcoin server bitcoin
bitcoin прогноз ethereum ann bitcoin motherboard доходность ethereum bitcoin quotes ethereum игра bitcoin шахты bitcoin блог bitcoin cash bag bitcoin bitcoin кошелька Bitcoin is a type of cryptocurrency. Balances of Bitcoin tokens are kept using public and private 'keys,' which are long strings of numbers and letters linked through the mathematical encryption algorithm that was used to create them. The public key (comparable to a bank account number) serves as the address which is published to the world and to which others may send bitcoins. The private key (comparable to an ATM PIN) is meant to be a guarded secret and only used to authorize Bitcoin transmissions. Bitcoin keys should not be confused with a Bitcoin wallet, which is a physical or digital device which facilitates the trading of Bitcoin and allows users to track ownership of coins. The term 'wallet' is a bit misleading, as Bitcoin's decentralized nature means that it is never stored 'in' a wallet, but rather decentrally on a blockchain.spots cryptocurrency bitcoin pps bitcoin покупка wallpaper bitcoin bitcoin хешрейт bitcoin invest ethereum forks bitcoin рубль ethereum transactions iphone tether click bitcoin ethereum форк bitcoin cny monero хардфорк bitcoin journal bitcoin reserve tether limited bitcoin доллар bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin arbitrage alpha bitcoin проекта ethereum bitcoin block bitcoin kran bitcoin alert my ethereum обмен bitcoin bitcoin майнить bitcoin скрипты
bitcoin деньги программа ethereum store bitcoin
oil bitcoin bitcoin register dance bitcoin курс ethereum bitcoin com bitcoin страна ethereum хешрейт It can take a lot of work to comb through a prospectus; the more detail it has, the better your chances it’s legitimate. But even legitimacy doesn’t mean the currency will succeed. That’s an entirely separate question, and that requires a lot of market savvy.ethereum рубль generator bitcoin майнить bitcoin monero ico rise cryptocurrency fpga bitcoin bitcoin community bitcoin x2 money bitcoin ethereum курсы tether приложения
okpay bitcoin bitcoin ru tcc bitcoin ethereum news ico ethereum ethereum supernova ethereum web3 moto bitcoin collector bitcoin
bitcoin converter bitcoin two koshelek bitcoin bitcoin приложение trading cryptocurrency pos ethereum
tether майнинг bootstrap tether bitcoin online bitcoin заработать ethereum капитализация wallets cryptocurrency разработчик ethereum game bitcoin bitcoin скачать bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin магазины 2016 bitcoin bitcoin earn падение bitcoin bitcoin paper ethereum график оборудование bitcoin курс bitcoin dark bitcoin ethereum валюта bitcoin баланс
0 bitcoin Sourcing from the right hardware manufacturers, at a fair price.ethereum algorithm ico bitcoin bitcoin ether bitcoin обучение ethereum farm hack bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg динамика ethereum обмен ethereum bitcoin address ubuntu bitcoin ethereum упал bitcoin луна bitcoin putin ethereum habrahabr bitcoin bcc bitcoin payeer converter bitcoin golang bitcoin bitcoin картинки bitcoin бонусы bitcoin wikileaks вывод monero
ethereum faucet bitcoin gif настройка ethereum importprivkey bitcoin bitcoin telegram alpha bitcoin монета ethereum
bitcoin автосборщик кошелек tether
ethereum настройка виджет bitcoin ethereum 2017
auction bitcoin bitcoin надежность doubler bitcoin bitcoin основы майнер monero ethereum pow
jaxx bitcoin bitcoin get tether 2 ethereum обменники importprivkey bitcoin bitcoin adress bitcoin 2048 ethereum ico bitcoin fields information bitcoin converter bitcoin electrum bitcoin bitcoin shop
bitcoin мошенничество bitcoin grafik bitcoin mercado технология bitcoin bitcoin artikel
rocket bitcoin bitcoin биткоин
poloniex monero bitcoin kurs monero pro ropsten ethereum market bitcoin bitcoin pools bitcoin chart bitcoin статья hd7850 monero bitcoin кошелька daily bitcoin bitcoin bitcointalk bitcoin покупка bitcoin руб bitcoin удвоить bitcoin daily ethereum platform mac bitcoin
instaforex bitcoin обвал bitcoin is bitcoin ethereum упал купить ethereum byzantium ethereum 1080 ethereum магазин bitcoin bitcoin conveyor cardano cryptocurrency win bitcoin bitcoin registration мавроди bitcoin
хешрейт ethereum collector bitcoin
bitcoin io е bitcoin bitcoin roll monero gui kupit bitcoin bitcoin lurkmore проекта ethereum bitcoin weekend etherium bitcoin bitcoin sberbank accepts bitcoin хардфорк ethereum bitcoin ротатор box bitcoin ethereum frontier
сбор bitcoin
bitcoin аналитика bitcoin dynamics monero xeon bot bitcoin antminer bitcoin bitcoin сколько coin bitcoin график bitcoin рубли bitcoin life bitcoin bitcoin banking account bitcoin home bitcoin bitcoin calc As mentioned already, the Bitcoin protocol issues the Bitcoin 'token' as a reward to participants in the network. This creates the currency which is used in this 'Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash' system.робот bitcoin bitcoin metatrader bitcoin plugin куплю ethereum bitcoin free
bitcoin plus ssl bitcoin bitcoin информация bitcoin компьютер
bitcointalk bitcoin bitcoin calc cryptocurrency calculator sportsbook bitcoin pirates bitcoin mac bitcoin bitcoin favicon polkadot блог cryptocurrency chart шифрование bitcoin
bitcoin лопнет importprivkey bitcoin bitcoin япония bitcoin multiplier ethereum decred habrahabr bitcoin компания bitcoin bitcoin free bitcoin prices сбербанк ethereum
how to send and receive payments online. What can we learn from Bitcoin,mine monero ethereum получить bitcoin testnet bitcoin china торрент bitcoin ethereum клиент
bitcoin widget goldmine bitcoin genesis bitcoin ethereum картинки community bitcoin bitcoin даром
bitcoin central будущее ethereum skrill bitcoin получить bitcoin сложность monero bitcoin aliexpress прогноз ethereum bitcoin trojan arbitrage cryptocurrency iota cryptocurrency
casino bitcoin avalon bitcoin bitcoin capitalization бот bitcoin bitcoin основы
приват24 bitcoin bitcoin london cryptocurrency price ethereum алгоритм ethereum ethash raiden ethereum покупка ethereum ethereum проблемы
bitcoin money bitcoin auto
bitcoin usb продажа bitcoin 100 bitcoin rpc bitcoin bitcoin plus500 bitcointalk ethereum vk bitcoin bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin rate ads bitcoin 999 bitcoin bitcoin mac bitcoin machines tether скачать bitcoin plus skrill bitcoin bitcoin qr bitcoin trojan bitcoin stealer ютуб bitcoin second bitcoin bitcoin эмиссия zcash bitcoin bitcoin магазин
bitcoin ann ethereum краны rates bitcoin dollar bitcoin россия bitcoin
bitcoin usd bitcoin приложение
bitcoin review
bitcoin etf bitcoin prosto bitcoin capitalization bitcoin pizza продам ethereum bitcoin торрент mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin информация будущее bitcoin coingecko ethereum
сайте bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость masternode bitcoin monero обменять connect bitcoin ethereum studio
today bitcoin php bitcoin moon bitcoin go bitcoin bitcoin box chart bitcoin gif bitcoin ethereum рост майнить bitcoin bitcoin code
bitcoin greenaddress
bitcoin видеокарта обмен bitcoin pull bitcoin lealana bitcoin cryptocurrency calculator bitcoin rotators conference bitcoin bitcoin бонусы agario bitcoin bitcoin capital
monero ico rx470 monero bitcoin euro ethereum gas bitcoin flip ethereum стоимость ротатор bitcoin stats ethereum bitcoin работа bitcoin ledger erc20 ethereum monero пулы monero calc ethereum продам bank bitcoin
bitcoin core microsoft bitcoin символ bitcoin bitcoin reddit криптовалюты bitcoin
amd bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin доходность ethereum charts bitcoin генератор ethereum получить bitcoin ethereum the ethereum monero usd bitcoin сложность monero cryptonote bitcoin go ethereum бесплатно пулы monero
1 ethereum bitcoin legal bitcoin серфинг invest bitcoin bitcoin grant bitcoin cc red bitcoin coinder bitcoin конвертер ethereum bitcoin основы ethereum пул игры bitcoin ethereum microsoft sha256 bitcoin bitcoin казино bitcoin block monero difficulty bitcoin автоматический coinder bitcoin card bitcoin ethereum microsoft bitcoin wmx почему bitcoin bitcoin video bitcoin instagram перевести bitcoin ютуб bitcoin bitcoin weekly tether addon
tinkoff bitcoin Bitcoin’s Recent Surge Creates New Billionairesjoker bitcoin bitcoin авито tether limited регистрация bitcoin instant bitcoin конвектор bitcoin
график monero
ethereum buy monero новости bounty bitcoin up bitcoin
bitcoin school bitcoin multisig bitcoin автомат bitcoin openssl pay bitcoin ethereum кошелек
conference bitcoin buy ethereum prune bitcoin bitcoin оборудование
bitcoin motherboard bitcoin signals bitcoin кранов bitcoin stock будущее ethereum pplns monero bitcoin автор qr bitcoin bitcoin автокран future bitcoin bitcoin statistic topfan bitcoin conference bitcoin bitcoin мошенничество cryptocurrency capitalisation бот bitcoin loans bitcoin coinbase ethereum ethereum ubuntu
bounty bitcoin monero обмен up bitcoin community bitcoin community bitcoin cryptocurrency magazine planet bitcoin
bitcoin rpg monero новости взломать bitcoin bitcoin blockstream
bitcoin payment bitcoin favicon bio bitcoin nem cryptocurrency monero обменять 6000 bitcoin сколько bitcoin bitcoin fork bitcoin journal
bitcoin торговля reddit ethereum weekly bitcoin bitcoin купить bitcoin автосерфинг приложение bitcoin secp256k1 bitcoin demo bitcoin bitcoin machine инструкция bitcoin accept bitcoin
hub bitcoin cap bitcoin claymore monero 1080 ethereum connect bitcoin tether верификация майнинг monero blue bitcoin кошелек ethereum bitcoin будущее logo ethereum ethereum habrahabr java bitcoin bitcoin arbitrage ethereum платформа txid bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin кран ethereum инвестинг bitcoin форекс locate bitcoin bitcoin руб bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin шахты
keystore ethereum сбор bitcoin testnet bitcoin фото bitcoin monero difficulty bitcoin сети bitcoin значок tether mining bitcoin flapper forum bitcoin raiden ethereum avalon bitcoin bitcoin clicker бизнес bitcoin ethereum faucets bitcoin pdf hashrate bitcoin bitcoin торги
charts bitcoin playstation bitcoin 2x bitcoin bitcoin ebay fasterclick bitcoin bitcoin hack кошель bitcoin monero github bitcoin s bitcoin википедия mineable cryptocurrency bank bitcoin кошелек ethereum bitcoin биржи security bitcoin msigna bitcoin currency bitcoin ethereum cryptocurrency get bitcoin bitcoin монеты drip bitcoin statistics bitcoin
ethereum прогнозы monero майнер bitcoin boom
bitcoin бонус bitcoin лопнет bitcoin bestchange ava bitcoin pizza bitcoin bitcoin коды получение bitcoin bitcoin accelerator терминал bitcoin криптовалют ethereum bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin будущее difficulty ethereum accepts bitcoin rx560 monero ethereum project bitcoin io
bitcoin 10 создать bitcoin bitcoin видео bitcoin окупаемость ethereum пул bitcoin софт bitcoin выиграть
forum ethereum принимаем bitcoin обвал ethereum cnbc bitcoin bitcoin poker unconfirmed bitcoin bitcoin биржи форумы bitcoin
bitcoin plus500 dat bitcoin майнер monero bitcoin spinner ethereum 1070 bitcoin bounty bitcoin accelerator new bitcoin bitcoin акции bitcoin перевести bitcoin биржи майнер ethereum bitcoin symbol bitcoin instagram bitcoin hosting bitcoin торговля
hosting bitcoin wikipedia ethereum bitcoin адрес bitcoin hesaplama
bitcoin kazanma команды bitcoin bitcoin валюты adbc bitcoin bitcoin 123 moneypolo bitcoin alpha bitcoin обвал ethereum coingecko bitcoin zebra bitcoin bitcoin блок ethereum crane bitcoin click
криптовалюта ethereum кликер bitcoin
polkadot cadaver bitcoin aliexpress
bitcoin аккаунт coin bitcoin dwarfpool monero bitcoin 100 ethereum виталий faucet cryptocurrency reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin account ethereum pow bitcoin официальный особенности ethereum
bitcoin change фермы bitcoin dog bitcoin
airbitclub bitcoin
логотип bitcoin frontier ethereum обналичить bitcoin scrypt bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin ethereum бесплатно zebra bitcoin котировки ethereum bitcoin деньги ethereum exchange wmz bitcoin сервисы bitcoin падение ethereum 60 bitcoin bitcoin обменники bitcoin ваучер bitcoin sec
60 bitcoin bitcoin green
today bitcoin monero кран bitcointalk monero генератор bitcoin bitcoin wmx bitcoin раздача bitcoin io visa bitcoin monero hashrate
bitcoin lottery adc bitcoin ethereum network bitcoin таблица 16 bitcoin акции bitcoin bitcoin 2x amazon bitcoin adc bitcoin
bitcoin майнить asics bitcoin half bitcoin 10000 bitcoin bitcoin rotator reward bitcoin lazy bitcoin форумы bitcoin bitcoin hyip cryptocurrency arbitrage ethereum serpent bitcoin окупаемость акции bitcoin bitcoin шахты btc bitcoin elysium bitcoin
account bitcoin bitcoin steam bitcoin prices second bitcoin mail bitcoin
keepkey bitcoin space bitcoin bitcoin 3d abc bitcoin график bitcoin Old timers (say, way back in 2009) mining bitcoins using just their personal computers were able to make a profit for several reasons. First, these miners already owned their systems, so equipment costs were effectively nil. They could change the settings on their computers to run more efficiently with less stress. Second, these were the days before professional bitcoin mining centers with massive computing power entered the game. Early miners only had to compete with other individual miners on home computer systems. The competition was on even footing. Even when electricity costs varied based on geographic region, the difference was not enough to deter individuals from mining.In the physical world, the most reliable stores of value become the currencies of choice in event of a crisis. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Zimbabwe became synonymous with hyperinflation. When inflation reached 89.7 sextillion percent (give or take a few points) and rendered the Zimbabwean dollar worthless, that wiped out the fortunes of many people unfortunate enough to have held liquid assets. People had no choice but to use something more stable – primarily the U.S. dollar and South African rand – for daily commerce. Litecoin’s inherent scarcity makes hyperinflation impossible, but there’s still the challenge of garnering general acceptance and getting more people to use the currency.bitcoin hashrate